MammalBase - Accepted taxon: Elaphodus cephalophus

Accepted taxon: Elaphodus cephalophus
Taxon:	Elaphodus cephalophus
Rank:	Species
Higher Classification:	ARTIODACTYLA \| Cervidae \| Cervinae \| Elaphodus
Reference:	Wilson, Don E., and DeeAnn M. Reeder, eds. Mammal Species of the World. A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed), JHU Press, 2005.

Fig.1 - Ternary plot of the proximate analysis for the Elaphodus cephalophus diet.
CF (Crude Fibre) 22, ASH (Ash contents) 9, NFE (Nitrogen-Free-Extract) 42, CP (Crude Protein) 22, EE (Ether Extract) 5. See details for the calculations in Lintulaakso, K., Tatti, N. and Žliobaitė, I., 2022. Quantifying mammalian diets. Mammalian Biology, pp.1-15. [DOI]

Table 1. List of Diet Items for Elaphodus cephalophus.
TSN Complete name	Part	Ratio ^a.	Reference(s)
Poaceae	STEM	42.91	Grzimek,B…
Magnoliopsida	SHOOT	29.09	Grzimek,B…
Magnoliopsida	FRUIT	8.58	Leslie Jr…
Bambusa	STEM	7.27	Leslie Jr…
Vertebrata	CARRION	1.82	Leslie Jr…
Itea	SHOOT	1.36	Leslie Jr…
Liliaceae	SHOOT	1.36	Leslie Jr…
Ericaceae	SHOOT	1.17	Leslie Jr…
Rhaphiolepis	SHOOT	1.17	Leslie Jr…
Hamamelidaceae	FLOWER	0.97	Leslie Jr…
Rosaceae	SHOOT	0.97	Leslie Jr…
Saxifragaceae	SHOOT	0.78	Leslie Jr…
Smilax	ROOT	0.78	Leslie Jr…
Smilax	SHOOT	0.58	Leslie Jr…
Magnoliopsida	SEED	0.39	Leslie Jr…
Vaccinium bracteatum	SHOOT	0.39	Leslie Jr…
Veronicastrum	SHOOT	0.19	Leslie Jr…
Plantae	SHOOT	0.19	Leslie Jr…

^a. Standardized values. See details for the calculations in Lintulaakso, K., Tatti, N. and Žliobaitė, I., 2022. Quantifying mammalian diets. Mammalian Biology, pp.1-15. [DOI]

Table 2. List of Standard Traits for Elaphodus cephalophus.
Trait	Selected Value	All Value(s)	Reference(s)
Dietary category: Eisenberg 1981	Herbivore-Browser	Herbivore-Browser, Herbivore-Mixed feeder	– Abraham, J.O., Upham, N.S., Damian-Serrano, A. and Jesmer, B.R., 2022. Evolutionary causes and consequences of ungulate migration. Nature Ecology & Evolution, 6(7), pp.998-1006., M. Mendoza, P. Palmqvist, 2008, 'Hypsodonty in ungulates: an adaptation for grass consumption or for foraging in open habitat?', Journal of Zoology, vol. 274, no. 2, pp. 134-142, Marcus Clauss, Matthias Lechner-Doll, Juergen Streich, 2002, 'Faecal particle size distribution in captive wild ruminants: an approach to the browser/grazer dichotomy from the other end', Oecologia, vol. 131, no. 3, pp. 343-349, Quibod, M., Gélin, U., van Langevelde, F., Tomlinson, K. 2023. Diet-specific responses of skull traits to aridity gradients in bovids and cervids. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. None(None), pp.None. Available at: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlad068.
Dietary category: Miljutin 2009	Herbivore	Herbivore	– Abraham, J.O., Upham, N.S., Damian-Serrano, A. and Jesmer, B.R., 2022. Evolutionary causes and consequences of ungulate migration. Nature Ecology & Evolution, 6(7), pp.998-1006., M. Mendoza, P. Palmqvist, 2008, 'Hypsodonty in ungulates: an adaptation for grass consumption or for foraging in open habitat?', Journal of Zoology, vol. 274, no. 2, pp. 134-142, Marcus Clauss, Matthias Lechner-Doll, Juergen Streich, 2002, 'Faecal particle size distribution in captive wild ruminants: an approach to the browser/grazer dichotomy from the other end', Oecologia, vol. 131, no. 3, pp. 343-349, Quibod, M., Gélin, U., van Langevelde, F., Tomlinson, K. 2023. Diet-specific responses of skull traits to aridity gradients in bovids and cervids. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. None(None), pp.None. Available at: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlad068.

Table 3. List of Standard Measurements for Elaphodus cephalophus.
Measurement	Location	Unit	n Total	n Unknown	n Female	n Male	Min	Mean	Max	SD	Reference(s)
Body Mass (BM)	nan	g	-	-	-	-	-	30,030	-	-	Wimberly,…

Table 4. List of other Measurements ^b. for Elaphodus cephalophus.
Measurement	Location	Unit	n Total	n Unknown	n Female	n Male	Min	Mean	Max	SD	Reference(s)
Length of the Masseteric Fossa		cm	7	7	-	-	-	8	-	-	Quibod, M…
Muzzle Width		cm	7	7	-	-	-	2	-	-	Quibod, M…
Total Length of the Skull		cm	7	7	-	-	-	19	-	-	Quibod, M…
A1-MLL (maximum lateral length of the astragalus)	nan	mm	7	7	-	-	25	28	30	2	Wimberly,…
A2-MML (maximum medial length of the astragalus)	nan	mm	7	7	-	-	24	27	29	2	Wimberly,…
A3-MIN (minimal length of the astragalus)	nan	mm	7	7	-	-	20	23	24	1	Wimberly,…
A4-WAT (width at tarsus of the astragalus)	nan	mm	7	7	-	-	14	17	18	1	Wimberly,…
A5-WAF (width at trochlea of the astragalus)	nan	mm	7	7	-	-	14	16	17	1	Wimberly,…
C1-UL (greatest length of the calcaneus)	nan	mm	7	7	-	-	53	60	63	3	Wimberly,…
C2-TL (length of body of the calcaneus)	nan	mm	7	7	-	-	36	40	43	2	Wimberly,…
C3-MBH (midbody height of the calcaneus)	nan	mm	7	7	-	-	14	16	16	1	Wimberly,…
C4-MBTV (midbody transverse width of the calcaneus)	nan	mm	7	7	-	-	6	7	8	1	Wimberly,…
C5-FFL (fibular facet length of the calcaneus)	nan	mm	7	7	-	-	10	11	13	1	Wimberly,…
C6-CNFL (cubonavicular facet length of the calcaneus)	nan	mm	7	7	-	-	12	13	15	1	Wimberly,…
C7-HSF (height of sustentacular facet of the calcaneus)	nan	mm	7	7	-	-	11	12	12	1	Wimberly,…
C8-HST (height of sustentaculum tali of the calcaneus)	nan	mm	7	7	-	-	16	17	19	1	Wimberly,…
F1-UL (full length of the femur)	nan	mm	7	7	-	-	172	185	195	10	Wimberly,…
F2-FL (functional length of the femur)	nan	mm	7	7	-	-	165	179	189	9	Wimberly,…
F3-MCF (midshaft circumference of the femur)	nan	mm	7	7	-	-	46	48	51	2	Wimberly,…
F4-PW (proximal width of the femur)	nan	mm	7	7	-	-	36	38	39	1	Wimberly,…
F5-MLHW (mediolateral femoral head of the femur)	nan	mm	7	7	-	-	22	23	25	1	Wimberly,…
F6-APHW (anteroposterior femoral head of the femur)	nan	mm	7	7	-	-	16	18	19	1	Wimberly,…
F7-DW (distal width of the femur)	nan	mm	7	7	-	-	33	37	39	2	Wimberly,…
F8-MPL (medial condyle and patellar lip of the femur)	nan	mm	7	7	-	-	37	44	47	4	Wimberly,…
F9-LPL (lateral condyle and patellar lip of the femur)	nan	mm	7	7	-	-	36	40	42	3	Wimberly,…
H1-UL (full length of the humerus)	nan	mm	7	7	-	-	139	150	154	5	Wimberly,…
H2-FL (functional length of the humerus)	nan	mm	7	7	-	-	127	138	143	5	Wimberly,…
H3-MCF (midshaft circumference of the humerus)	nan	mm	7	7	-	-	43	45	46	1	Wimberly,…
H4-MTH (largest medial height of trochlea of the humerus)	nan	mm	7	7	-	-	16	17	18	1	Wimberly,…
H5-MidTH (smallest height of trochlea of the humerus)	nan	mm	7	7	-	-	12	13	15	1	Wimberly,…
H6-LTH (largest lateral height of trochlea of the humerus)	nan	mm	7	7	-	-	13	15	16	1	Wimberly,…
H7-PW (proximal width of the humerus)	nan	mm	7	7	-	-	27	30	32	2	Wimberly,…
H8-MLH (mediolateral humeral head width of the humerus)	nan	mm	7	7	-	-	22	25	27	1	Wimberly,…
H9-DW (distal width of the humerus)	nan	mm	7	7	-	-	25	27	28	1	Wimberly,…
MC1-UL (length of the metacarpus)	nan	mm	7	7	-	-	87	98	103	5	Wimberly,…
MC2-MAP (anteroposterior midshaft of the metacarpus)	nan	mm	7	7	-	-	8	9	12	1	Wimberly,…
MC3-MML (mediolateral midshaft of the metacarpus)	nan	mm	7	7	-	-	12	13	14	1	Wimberly,…
MC4-DW (distal width of the metacarpus)	nan	mm	7	7	-	-	18	20	23	2	Wimberly,…
MC5-PW (proximal width of the metacarpus)	nan	mm	7	7	-	-	17	19	20	1	Wimberly,…
MT1-UL (length of the metatarsus)	nan	mm	7	7	-	-	120	130	136	5	Wimberly,…
MT2-MAP (anteroposterior midshaft of the metatarsus)	nan	mm	7	7	-	-	10	12	13	1	Wimberly,…
MT3-MML (mediolateral midshaft of the metatarsus)	nan	mm	7	7	-	-	12	12	13	1	Wimberly,…
MT4-DW (distal width of the metatarsus)	nan	mm	7	7	-	-	20	22	23	1	Wimberly,…
MT5-PW (proximal width of the metatarsus)	nan	mm	7	7	-	-	18	19	19	0	Wimberly,…
R1-UL (length of the radius)	nan	mm	7	7	-	-	112	122	130	6	Wimberly,…
R2-PW (full proximal width of the radius)	nan	mm	7	7	-	-	20	24	26	2	Wimberly,…
R3-NPW (width of humeral articular surface of the radius)	nan	mm	7	7	-	-	19	23	24	2	Wimberly,…
R4-DW (distal width of the radius)	nan	mm	7	7	-	-	20	22	24	1	Wimberly,…
S1-L (full length of the scapula)	nan	mm	7	7	-	-	114	126	134	9	Wimberly,…
S2-GW (greatest cranio-caudal length of the scapula)	nan	mm	7	7	-	-	74	78	80	3	Wimberly,…
S3-SW (shortest length of scapular neck of the scapula)	nan	mm	7	7	-	-	14	15	15	0	Wimberly,…
S4-GH (anteroposterior glenoid fossa of the scapula)	nan	mm	7	7	-	-	20	21	22	1	Wimberly,…
S5-GW (mediolateral glenoid fossa of the scapula)	nan	mm	7	7	-	-	16	18	21	2	Wimberly,…
T1-L (full length of the tibia)	nan	mm	7	7	-	-	185	195	206	7	Wimberly,…
T2-MCF (midshaft circumference of the tibia)	nan	mm	7	7	-	-	43	46	48	2	Wimberly,…
T3-PW (proximal width of the tibia)	nan	mm	7	7	-	-	33	37	39	2	Wimberly,…
T4-DW (distal width of the tibia)	nan	mm	7	7	-	-	22	25	27	2	Wimberly,…
U1-UL (length of the ulna)	nan	mm	7	7	-	-	142	157	167	8	Wimberly,…
U2-OPL (olecranon process length of the ulna)	nan	mm	7	7	-	-	29	32	33	2	Wimberly,…
average ungulate dietary grass fraction (proportional)	nan	unitless	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	Abraham, …
femur diameter	nan	mm	-	-	-	-	-	12	-	-	Nelson, A…
humerus diameter	nan	mm	-	-	-	-	-	12	-	-	Nelson, A…

^b. other Measurements. Source Measurements which are not listed on or mapped with the Standard Traits..

Table 5. List of Data Sources for Elaphodus cephalophus.
Taxon	Reference	Match	Status
Elaphodus cephalophus	Clauss,M., 2002, Faecal particle size distribution in captive wild ruminants: an approach to the browser/grazer dichotomy from the other end, Oecologia	1: Exact Taxon match	Verified - Accepted
Elaphodus cephalophus	Mendoza,M., 2008, Hypsodonty in ungulates: an adaptation for grass consumption or for foraging in open habitat?, Journal of zoology	1: Exact Taxon match	Verified - Accepted
Elaphodus cephalophus	Nowak,R. M., 1991, Walker's mammals of the world,	1: Exact Taxon match	Verified - Accepted
Elaphodus cephalophus	Grzimek,B., 2003, Grzimek's Animal Life Encyclopedia: Mammals I-V,	1: Exact Taxon match	Verified - Accepted
Elaphodus cephalophus	Leslie Jr,David M., 2013, Elaphodus cephalophus (Artiodactyla: Cervidae), Mammalian Species	1: Exact Taxon match	Verified - Accepted
Elaphodus cephalophus	Smith,A. T., 2010, A guide to the mammals of China,	1: Exact Taxon match	Verified - Accepted
Elaphodus cephalophus	Nowak,R. M., 1991, Walker's mammals of the world,	1: Exact Taxon match	Verified - Accepted
Elaphodus cephalophus	Quibod, M.N.R.M., Gélin, U., van Langevelde, F. and Tomlinson, K.W., 2023. Diet-specific responses of skull traits to aridity gradients in bovids and cervids. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, p.zlad068.	1: Exact Taxon match	Verified - Accepted
Elaphodus cephalophus	Wimberly, A.N., 2023. Predicting body mass in Ruminantia using postcranial measurements. Journal of Morphology, 284(10), p.e21636.	1: Exact Taxon match	Verified - Accepted
Elaphodus cephalophus	Abraham, J.O., Upham, N.S., Damian-Serrano, A. and Jesmer, B.R., 2022. Evolutionary causes and consequences of ungulate migration. Nature Ecology & Evolution, 6(7), pp.998-1006.	1: Exact Taxon match	Verified - Accepted
Elaphodus cephalophus	Lundgren, E.J., Schowanek, S.D., Rowan, J., Middleton, O., Pedersen, R.Ø., Wallach, A.D., Ramp, D., Davis, M., Sandom, C.J. and Svenning, J.C., 2021. Functional traits of the world’s late Quaternary large-bodied avian and mammalian herbivores. Scientific data, 8(1), p.17.	1: Exact Taxon match	Verified - Accepted
Elaphodus cephalophus	Nelson, A., Engelman, R.K. and Croft, D.A., 2023. How to weigh a fossil mammal? South American notoungulates as a case study for estimating body mass in extinct clades. Journal of Mammalian Evolution, 30(3), pp.773-809.	1: Exact Taxon match	Verified - Accepted
Elaphodus cephalophus	Rowan, J., Beaudrot, L., Franklin, J., Reed, K.E., Smail, I.E., Zamora, A. and Kamilar, J.M., 2020. Geographically divergent evolutionary and ecological legacies shape mammal biodiversity in the global tropics and subtropics. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 117(3), pp.1559-1565.	1: Exact Taxon match	Verified - Accepted

Citation for this page: [The MammalBase community 2026. / CC BY 4.0. http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7462864 Elaphodus cephalophus , Accessed 30th April 2026 at https://mammalbase.net/me/15731]